Technology and Climate in Iraq Essay -- Iraq Environment Technological

Technology and Climate in Iraq Since civilization was born in ancient Mesopotamia thousands of years ago, technology has been a driving factor in the growth and progress of the peoples of this region. Many of the new and changing technologies have been closely connected to the weather and climate of this unique part of the world. In my opinion, the three most important technological developments for Mesopotamia and Iraq over time have been irrigation, shelter and architecture, and the use of oil. Before we can make these connections between technology and the climate of Iraq, we must look at what makes this climate unique from others around the world. Iraq’s climate is classified as sub-desert and this gives the region two distinct seasons. First, the summers (May-October) in Iraq are hot, with temperatures often exceeding 120 ° F.1 Another important characteristic of the sub-desert summers is the lack of rainfall, since summer precipitation rarely climbs above one inch. On the contrary, the winter season normally has up to 10 inches of rainfall and milder, often cold temperatures. Those 10 inches of rain come in strong storms that can often lead to floods since the land is not prepared for large amounts of precipitation.2 Winter temperatures sometimes even drop to around freezing and frosts are not uncommon. Both of these distinct seasons have caused technological developments over the past 7000 years. As I wrote in my think piece, Mesopotamia is considered to be the birthplace of civilization and this development was fueled by technology. The invention of irrigation techniques around 5000 BC in the region between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers was the foundation for the development of the first towns and cities. Irrig... ...s: Monroe, ME. â€Å"Fossils into Fuel† http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/fossils/p3.html Lamb, H.H. (1995) Climate, History, and the Modern World. Routledge Press: New York, NY Pollock, Susan. (1999) Ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge University Press: New York, NY Roux, Georges. (1985). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books: New York, NY â€Å"The Architecture of Irak: The Lost Art of Clay Construction† http://www.brainworker.ch/Irak/architecture.htm â€Å"The Iraqi Republic† http://i-cias.com/e.o/iraq.htm â€Å"Transportation in Iraq† http://united-states.asinah.net/american-encyclopedia/wikipedia/t/tr/transportation_in_iraq.html 1 Pollock, Susan Ancient Mesopotamia 2 Roux, Georges Ancient Iraq 3 Pollock 4 Lamb, H.H. Climate, History, and the Modern World 5 â€Å"The Architecture of Irak† 6 Everest, Larry Oil, Power, and Empire 7 â€Å"Fossils into Fuel†

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This is because the owner of the Chinese factory will not acquire the new machinery required to produce additional quantities of products in timely manner and Lack of knowledge on International supply chain by the management 3) Macro – Economic:- The economy of every country and region differs In Its fundamental economic heartsickness, UN like Australia where there is relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity and CARR of athletic apparel grew at 8. 3% comparing with other country CARR 0. 8%. ) Socio economic 5) Financial 6) Legal 7) Physical 8) Political 9) Acculturation 10) Labor 1 1) Technological Benefits of globalization:- 1 )Cost benefit 2) Tattling benefit 3) Learning benefit 4) Arbitrage benefit Module 2:- Value chain of sports:- The mall supply chain for Seek seems quite short. It begins with producers of cloth and other materials for fashion clothes. Materials are purchased by the businesses that manufacture the clothi ng for Seek. The manufacturers are mainly small independent firms in Russia and Malaysia, but the company has its own small manufacturing subsidiary.The manufactured goods are transported to the company's distribution centre in Russia. Seek buys the manufactured clothes that It has designed, and distributes them to centre in France. Retailers may be department stores or its own stores. There are also some e-sales direct to customers. There may be some weaknesses in the supply chain. Most sales are in Europe but most manufacturing is in Russia (Eastern Europe) or Malaysia. Although these areas may be cheaper for manufacturing, the costs of transporting the clothes to the distribution centre in Russia and then to the distribution centre in France may be quite high. There is no information about the efficiency of Cheeks delivery system, but operating with two distribution centers may be inefficient and slow down the transfer of manufactured goods to shops. Its competitor Ezra has a man ufacturing centre in Europe and a modern distribution system. This may give Ezra a strategic advantage because transport costs should be lower and distribution times quicker. Ezra operates a Just in time system for ordering goods from manufacturers, and this seems to be more successful than Cheeks attempts to do the same thing. The supply chain operates slowly between Seek and its manufacturers, and this may put the company at a disadvantage compared with Ezra and H. Value chain of Sports apparel r SUPPLY CHAIN 1) Initial research :- Dakar invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products. Research plays a considerable time and money for value creation. 2) Target identified and validated :- A new product line hat daze is contemplating is in the area of compression sleeves and guards.These are compression wear items that protect selected parts of the body such as arm sleeves and calf sleeves. 3) Optimization :- 4) Development:- Dakar currently has a team of in house designers and sports scientist. The seven designers come form a variety of professional backgrounds, including fashion,sportswear swim wear and lingerie. 5) Testing :- Samples are generally created in Australia in a purpose built facility at the Dakar head office. And company has a highly experienced team who cut make and trim the sample armaments prior to large scale production. ) Production:- Production occurs at a Chinese, family owned sports swear clothing manufacturer 7) Marketing:- In Australia Dakar operation through Online stores, with approximately 20 outlets. Distribution also occurs through major chains of sporting goods retailers and department stores. Through global Dakar operates through online and through agency agreements. Normal Supply chain:- The Main supply chain of Dakar is quite short. It begins with Innovation of product from the in-house R center, manufacturing in china, sales in online, distribution center.Weakens in supply ch ain:- Most sales happens in Australia. Although these areas may be cheaper for manufacturing the cost of transpiration the clothes to the distribution center in Australia may be quite high Industry segmentation:- Industry:- Athletic apparel Industry segmentation, Products:- Compression Tights, T-shirts and shorts, Triathlon suits and lightweight running singlet's and shorts. Life cycle stage:- Growth:- As the Compounded annual growth rate of Australia market grew at 8. 3% from 2008 to 2012.Remote Environment:- Social:- The Australian market is perceived as a ideal market to test products placements on educated and informed consumers. This is beaus Australia has a relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity and relatively high levels of physical activity per capita, the highly developed Australian economy is dominated by a larger proportion of consumers who are early adopters of new technologies and products with high disposable incomes .Technology:- Dakar invests a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products. Industry environment analysis:- Threat of new entrants to the industry:- As Athletic apparel great at a CARR at 0. % there is less chance that new competitor coming into the industry. Industries dominated by branded products are difficult to enter due to large amount of time and money required to create a competing branded products. And also Access to distribution channels as their goods and services through established distribution channels as those have already been locked by existing competitors.Market segment Analysis:- What makes a market:- Markets are aggregates of consumer groups with similar needs. Consumers having relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity. Needs:-Compression apparel is designed to improve athletic performance by reducing muscle vibration and improving circulation. Preferences:-This appare l has been credited not only with increasing athletic performance, but also with reducing recovery time and post exercise soreness Current solutions:- Market size:- This market contributes 10. 9 % of overall world Athletic apparel.Market growth:- The compression apparel has been exponential growth in the past five years with some us industry reports suggesting annual sales growth of 55% from 007-2010 and 68 percent of 20101-2013. Blue ocean strategy:- New customer markets:- This strategy is its creation of new undiscovered markets through innovative activities, this strategy is value innovation and ultimately renders the competition irrelevant. Consumer value is created through innovative activities that provide new and improved offerings Like Dakar is contemplating is in the area of compression sleeves and guards.These are compression wear items that protect selected parts of the body such as arm sleeves and calf sleeves. This will help consumer increased circulation to enhance rec overy ND reduce soreness as well as providing sun protection. This protective sleeves market. Key success factors for Sports apparel are:- 1) Processing efficiency:- the organization must be price competitive on a global basis to compete effectively with local and global competitors. ) Product quality:- The organization must produce consistently reliable high quality products and position its brand to represent quality and good value 3) Understanding the customer. The organization must understand what the customer wants and needs what they value and where and when they want to shop 4) Product differentiation and innovation. To stay competitive the organization must be able to respond to changing customer needs and wants by delivering products in innovative ways. 5) The company has a broad portfolio of products.It does not rely for its success on one product or a limited range of products. A broad portfolio of products means that the company is not exposed to the risk of decline in t he market for one or even a number of its products. Some products may be in decline but there will also be products that are still in the growth phase of their life cycle. 6) The organization must create customer wariness of the benefits associated with its products and where they can be purchased and products must be available where they shop.MODULE 3 Strategic drivers:- 1) Industry and Market:- Athletic apparel 2) Products:- compression tights, T-shirts, and shorts, triathlon suites, outerwear and other items designed to be worn before and after sporting activity 3) Customers:- Consumers who are early adopters of new technologies and products with high disposable incomes 4) Channels:- Dakar operates its own network of retail stores in Australia with 20 outlets, sporting goods retailers and department stores, online, and n international market through agency agreement example Singapore and Taiwan. ) Competitive advantage:- Dakar invests a considerable amount of its financial resour ces in research and development of its products Innovation.. Product reliability of their brand in Australia and other countries for last 5 years and also exclusive distribution channel also making the product differentiation. And also having wide range of product range making it easy for a customer to find what they want from a single provider. Establishing a certain consistent image in the market, such as romp, courteous service can also be used as differentiating factor by the organization.Operation drivers:- Profit:- There is an increase in profit from 1. 1 Million to 21. 6 million and percentage of margin increased from 8% to 32. 5%. Cost:- Cost percentage has been decreased driver to order to meet the operation driver. Peoples and organization drivers:- The culture of an organization along with the employees it attracts and the resources it develops will naturally direct an organization. Strategic capabilities:- Valuable, rare, difficult to imitate or replicate, non substitute d. SOOT analysis:-Strengths:- Well established organization structure, and passionate employees led by an executive management team that has largely keen in place since the company inception. The core group of employees have been individuals who love sport and exercise and also created by a group of elite athletes with an entrepreneurial dream. The culture at Dakar has typically been one of energy and excitement. Dakar is one of the leading brand in Australia Production quality is consistently maintained by their production centre in china Dakar invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and placement to introduce new products. Avian wide range of product range making it easy for a customer to find what they want from a single provider had a good team of in house designer and sports scientists good work culture Opportunities:- Dakar share of market is only 5. 5% of total 1. 2 billion, the sales need to be scaled up in order to gain the market share Internati onal expansion through JP and agreement with other companies Online sales are the big opportunity for expanding into international market.Weakness:- production capacity cannot be increased as their manufacturing facility in china to willing to acquire the new machinery required to produce additional quantities of products in timely manner Through agency agreements in place it does not currently opiate any company owned offices outside of Australia Threats:- Employees are currently appears to be a high level of inertia, confusion and uncertainty within the organization and its employees. Entry barriers like sheer quantity of retail outlet in Asia markets and regulatory barriers imposed on wholly foreign owned companies setting up in some Asian countries. Unlike CARR in Australia with 8. 3 % globally it was only 0. %. So same level margin cannot be expected by the Dakar. Gap Analysis:- The Dakar business is looking for International expansion opportunities and has identified the follo wing gaps that need to be addressed in its business strategy. Capacity to business strategy gaps Production capacity cannot be increased to the anticipated demand Environment to business strategy gaps:- Global Leticia apparel grew at a CARR at 0. 8 % comparing with Australia CARR 8. 3% The sheer quantity of retail outlets in Asian markets.The regulatory barriers imposed on wholly foreign owned companies setting up in Aids etc there will be high switching cost to find new customer globally. Key stakeholders Gap:- In employees there is a growing perception that the company is becoming focused purely on a global presence growth and forts and will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. Ken tucked General Manager operations who takes care of production process has been suffering from rare illness and is planning to retire from daze within the next 6 months.Dakar need to find out the appropriate person to take of production process after Daze retirement. A lack of exper ience in lobar industry by the employees towards globalization Module 4:- Market development:- page 4. 14 Dakar is an alternative approach to product development is find new markets for existing products. Although the products are unchanged it is not clear how the related markets will respond to products that have not been specially designed for them and related market development can occur through expanding geographically.Innovation:- Innovation is the act of introducing something new. It is the process of creating a new product service proceed or other idea for an organization that will exults in increased customer value and positive changes in efficiency, quality, competitiveness, market share etc. Innovation process value chain in Dakar:- 1) Company invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products and come out with an innovative idea. ) The product development team of in house designers and sports scientist will created a produc t that meet the Idea off product 3) These sample products are created in Australia in a purpose built facility at the Dakar head office. Dakar has a highly experienced team ho cut make and trim the sample garments prior to large scale production. 4) Once the product is satisfactory then the production will be taken place in their Chicane's, family owned sportswear clothing manufacturer. 5) Marketing of the products happens through Online, company owned outlets and international through Agency agreements.Key success factor for new product development and implementation:- 1) Affiance of development:- Dakar spends considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products was comprehensive and effective in order to ensure success. )Seniority and authority of responsible managers:- Dakar is renowned for its commitment to product development since inception of the company. This is evident through its many successful brands and constant successful developme nt.Development of New geographic markets:- The ability of an organization to internationalist depends on its ability to appreciate the environmental differences, understand the risks and implications, and then counter or adapt to them successfully. Critical questions to be addressed by any organization contemplating new market development include the following:- 1) The size and alee of the proposed market:- The global market for athletic apparel is 67. 7 but Australia share was only 1. 2 billion only 1% of the global market, there is a huge scope for the company to get the Market share. ) Market Growth:- Unlike CARR in Common mode of entry into new geographic markets:- page 4. 48 Module 5 Dakar will comes under organic systems Module 6:- Strategic leadership style:- Risk takers:- Key managers in Dakar are:- Will winsome CEO founder of the Dakar Jan Taylor leader the organization strategy in may 2010 Ken tucked, General manager production is there since Dakar started its business Mea n Mean worked with Dakar since 2008 acting as an COOP Most of employees has completed good number of years in Dakar through out its growth phase By the above data we can come to an conclusion that Strategic leadership style was risk takers. -s Model:-This model is useful tool for testing whether a proposed strategy will achieve its aim by asking whether it aligns with the seven major areas under the model Strategy:- the vision of the company is to become one of the 10 most recognized global sporting brands and its strategy towards to achieve its mission to increased sales by 10 time over the next 10 years, wrought entering into the new Geographical locations. Employees are feeling unsecured because they are in constant touch with executive team through the growth of the organization.Once company becomes global there may be chance the Executive team will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. Management should provide clear guidance and make sure that all the level of employee are participating to achieve to full fill company vision Structure:- the structure of the Dakar adopts with the globalization because there manufacturing facility is china and some portion of sales are through online and Agency agreement del. Systems:- Entering into new Geographical location will the current systems of organization.As they had good supply chain management because of the online sales and agency model Resources:- The manufacturing capacity which is china cannot improve the capacity with its current capacity in order to meet the demand. Company should look for an better alternative into to make sure the supply meets demand Skills:- The executive team does not have the international experience except Jane Taylor who is an General Manager strategy. Style Shared values :- Successful development of new markets:- page 4. 1) The identifiable benefits of expanding into the new market must be I line with the long term strategic goals of the organization 2) The org anization must ensure that it has sufficient cash reserves to finance the new business until such time as it becomes self supporting 3) The organization should perform both internal and external analysis. The role of communication:- page 7. 37 Cotters 8 steps leadership:- Create Urgency:- Global athletic apparel market 67. Billion and Australia market data to the employee and their position in the global market in order to understand where there stand in the global market. This happens employee think what are the management expectation from the employee. It is the step where people need to know the need for change and what change is necessary for the company. Form a powerful coalition:- The leader need to convince the people for change. Many employees of Dakar Joined because it was a small, friendly and vibrant company that was popular and well respected in the Australia market.So, this is a very difficult task and need a real leadership quality to be done. Create a vision:- Dakar v ision to be one of the 10 most recognized global sporting brands. It hold 40% share in Australia arrest in order to achieves its vision. It should expand in the international expansion opportunities through JP, Franchise, Retail or through Online mode. Several ideas and concepts should be organized properly in a proper form in order to make the person understand it.This will help Dakar employees to understand need for change. Communicate the vision:- it is not Just enough to communicate the vision to the people but it should be done with great power and confidence on a regular basis so that people can trust on it and it remains fresh in their mind so that they can respond accordingly. When ever Dakar opens the new stores and any product launches Will Winsome CEO will be presented. So he need to communicated to the employee what are the idea and vision of the Dakar.Remove obstacles:- instead of people accepting and promoting the change there are certain resisting the change due to wh ich obstacles are often created in the path of the change so the leader need to identify these and correct these by giving rewards to those working good for the change and motivating the one who resisting it. The main perception in the employees was the company is becoming focused purely on a global presence, Roth and profits and will forget the employees that helped it to become successful.In order to avoid this the, Executive team need to make sure that all the employee who made a Dakar as employee of choice need to give chance to them. So that their perception will be removed from their mindset. Short term wins:- during the change in order to motivate the employees and boost up their performance short term targets should be given so that the employees could work hard to achieve it but after achievement they will be high on energy and performance.Assurance from will income that the company is planning to introduce an employee share program offered to full-time employees who have b een employed by Dakar for more than 10 years is an example. Build on chance:- build on the change: the reason of most of the failures of change is the early declaration of victory, changes need to be done slowly and the impacts should not be Judged too early and the long term goals should be focused on. Anchor the changes in corporate: finally it should be taken care of that the change is done properly and is used in the regular day to day life of the work and the leaders would keep on supporting the change so that the employees and the new leaders who are brought in should feel comfortable working. An acquisition strategy can bring more immediate results, possible with less apexes and risk than starting a new subsidiary business operations. In order to become the global player M activity activity is must in order capture the market share. In order to be successful in acquisition strategy.Dakar team need to take care these issues Purpose of acquisition towards global reach is an imp ortant aspect to be communicated to the employees Dakar Executive team should be have the focus n pursuing the strategy Jane Taylor organization strategy development lead has good knowledge on the international expansion which will help the company to resolve the implementation issues Dakar employee should be provided with enough growth in global expansion strategy otherwise there is chance of losing Key talent Acquisition is the best for market penetration because:- 1) Speed of entry :- There strategy towards achievement of the company vision by increasing sales by 10 times over the next 10 years can happen only if the market penetration happens through acquisition of new global entity 2) Vertical Integration:- Through acquiring the good company which has the good capacity to increase the production, because excising manufacturer in china will not to able to deliver the additional quantities required to meet anticipated demand and with reasonable time frames. 3) Technical leakage:- Dakar has spend good number of amount of R, which will differential with there competitors. If there is an acquisition there will be low risk of Technical knowledge leakage 4) Market Penetration:- Market penetration can happened very quickly because total market of acquired firm will the market of Dakar. Not need to again start from the scratch.

Police Brutality Why Essay - 2398 Words

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The Supreme Courts Failures Culminated Together - 1917 Words

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This indicates that religion

Essay On Extension Cords - 821 Words

Following a few simple guidelines can greatly reduce your chances of experiencing any such hazards. Avoid the use of extension cords There never seems to be enough power outlets in the home to accommodate all of the appliances and gadgets that needs power to operate. This is where many people grab the extension cords as a solution to this problem. A better way to attack this problem would be to purchase a good plug strip with a 2 to 3 foot cord that you can plug in to the wall outlet and gain several more power openings a little further down the wall. You get what you pay for with these items so please do not buy the cheapest one because that is exactly what you will get. Adding a wall outlet is the best way to approach this problem but†¦show more content†¦Proper sized fuses or circuit breakers Most homes are wired with #12 awg wire that is rated for 20 amps and some have #14 awg wire which is rated for 15 amps on the lighting and branch circuits. Older homes have fuses instead of breakers. Fuses can be easily changed when one blows but many times are not replaced with the proper sized fuse for the size of wire that it feeds. This is a dangerous situation when they blow a 20 amp fuse then replace it with a 30 amp to keep it from blowing again. This puts a strain on the house wiring because the larger fuse allows the wire to carry more amps than it is legally rated to carry. If you have fuses in your home it is a good idea to this checked by a certified electrician to insure that the proper sized fuses or even circuit breakers are installed according to the size of the wire that it feeds.This would also be a good time to have the connections in the electrical panel checked and tightened to avoid any future problems. Check those drop cords for safety that you have hanging in the shop Are your drop cords safe to use? Many times the ground prong on the extension cords will be missing or broken off and this can be an accident that is waiting to happen. That third round prong on your cord is the single most important part of your drop cord to keep you safe while using power tools and any type of equipment orShow MoreRelatedExplain How Neurons Transmit Information Our Knowledge of the Nuerons Helps Us to Understand Human Behaviour1109 Words   |  5 Pagesrelated to the physical body and the mind. For that reason biology holds a much significant and important role in the study of psychology. One of the main areas of psychological studies is the mind therefore this essay aims to explain the biology of how neurons transmit information, this essay also aims to discuss how our knowledge of the ways neurons functions helps us to understand human behaviour. 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Free Euthanasia Essay Example For Students

Free Euthanasia Essay Sue Rodriguez has reminded us all of our own mortality and our need to think carefully about the kind of society we want to live and to die in. Sue Rodriguez was known through the media, and her well spoken and eloquent speeches. People painfully in support of what she believed in, watched as her strength was sapped by the devastating disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and we were moved by her clear thought and her bravery as a person facing death. Here was a woman who acted on her beliefs with courage and tenacity and whose grace has enriched us all. It is no defense to point to the fact that a person has requested to be killed: No person is entitled to consent to have death inflicted upon him, and such consent does not affect the criminal responsibilities of any person by whom death may be inflicted upon the person by whom consent is given, which seems to mean that no one has a right to consent to have death inflicted on him or her. In addition, if a person causes the death o f another, the consent of the deceased does not provide the person who caused the death a defense to criminal responsibility. Is there a difference, do you think, between a person who, at a dying persons request, prepares a poison and leaves it on the bedside for that person to take, and a person who helps the patient to drink it or who administers it directly at the request of a dying person who is unable to take it personally? Is there, in short, a real distinction between killing and letting die? Well, this is the difference between passive and active euthanasia, and if you believe in euthanasia, you must decide which one is correct or even accept both to be correct depending upon the situation. We must carefully think through a number of conceptual issues. What is a person? What is death? How does the difference between active and passive function in arguments for and against euthanasia? Is there any difference between killing and letting die? Suppose the doctor agrees to withho ld treatment The justification for his doing so is that the patient is in terrible agony, and since he is going to die anyway, it would be wrong to prolong his suffering needlessly. But now notice this. If one simply withholds treatment, it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and a lethal injection given. This fact provides strong reason for thinking that, once the initial decision not to prolong his agony has been made, active euthanasia is actually preferable to passive euthanasia, rather than the reverse. Individuals have the right to decide about their own lives and deaths. Denying terminally ill patients the right to die with dignity is unfair and cruel. The golden rule requires that we allow active euthanasia for terminally ill patients who request it in certain situations. People have the right to die with dignity and lucidity. Gayle Stelter (Vancouver Sun) writes, For almost seven years I have been livi ng with cancer, mostly joyously and gratefully, but gradually seeing the disease encroaching relentlessly on my once healthy body. Throughout these years, I have thought long and hard about death and Ive discovered that its not the prospect of death itself that is so frightening, but the process of dying. So to give myself courage, I have held an option in reserve. When I can see no quality ahead, when I am capable of bidding my loved ones a coherent farewell, when I am still in control of my resources, I will enlist someones help to speed me on my journey. For those of us who may choose to leave while there is still an element of control, of coherence, may we be fortunate to have a friend, a loved one, a health professional who will use their gifts in order that we may be excused. To deny such expert guidance in this last rite would be both heartless and inhuman. Another person I had read about states: I have multiple myelomaa rare bone marrow cancerthat destroys the blood, bones, immune system, kidneys and sometimes liver and spleen. The worst of it is the disintegration of the skeletonUnless one is lucky enough to die of sepsis first, the death is long and agonizing. The act of sitting up can fracture the vertebrae and lifting the dinner tray can fracture both forearms. Who deserves that? For what principle? I believe that there are some circumstances when euthanasia is the morally correct action. I also understand that there are real concerns about legalizing euthanasia because of fear of misuse and/or overuse and the fear of the slippery slope leading to a loss of respect for the value of life. We do need to proceed with caution. Euthanasia is homicide. Some homicides are justified. Life at some point can become so unpleasant and so hopeless that virtually no one would wish to continue it, and the opponent of euthanasia must face up to this fact honestly. Suffering can take many forms, physical, mental and emotional. Not all of these are relevant to euth anasia I have not heard anyone suggest, for example, mercy killing for the clinically depressed but many are, in particular physical agony and the emotional despair of extreme disability. People have always killed themselves, for reasons that seemed good to them, and it has long been recognized that laws against suicide serve little or no purpose. This issue remains a live one with respect to euthanasia because it is plausibly pointed out that, if you have a legal right to commit suicide, and you are physically unable to do so unaided, it seems unfair to prosecute someone who helps you. Suffering and suicides are perennial factors, but todays conditions have added a host of other complications. In particular, we have medical techniques that can preserve life far beyond what would have been possible in the past. .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 , .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .postImageUrl , .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 , .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2:hover , .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2:visited , .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2:active { border:0!important; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2:active , .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2 .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf927a42d78f99d290b614344c109d6d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Culture-Teenage Pregnancy Essay

Overrepresentation of Minorities and English Language Learners in Special Education

Introduction The amendments made to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act led to the emergence of a new crisis in most American schools. Currently, most American schools suffer from an unbalanced representation of learners from linguistically and racially different settings in special education programs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Overrepresentation of Minorities and English Language Learners in Special Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education is a major challenge affecting the majority of schools. By 1968, over 80 per cent of students in special education came from minority groups (Samson Lesaux, 2009). Moreover, in California, Mexican Americans and African Americans had higher chances of suffering from mental problems relative to the whites. It has been hard to address these challenges through the esta blished laws. One of the factors that have made it hard for the Americans to address these challenges is a failure by policymakers to put into consideration the ever-changing miscellany in American classrooms, as they come up with new education policies (Samson Lesaux, 2009). In looking at the issue of overrepresentation, and when coming up with new reforms in the school system, policymakers have not paid adequate attention to the English language learners and the minorities. This paper will focus on the level of overrepresentation of the minority and English language learners in special education. It will also identify some of the factors that contribute to the overrepresentation and how to mitigate them. Nature of the problem The principal supposition of overrepresentation among the minority and English language learners is that when represented correctly, the ratio of the minority or English language learners in any program ought to be equal to their ratio in the broad school po pulation. Different studies have shown that â€Å"the ratio of the minority and English language learners serving in special education has changed over the last few decades† (Skiba, et al., 2011, p.266). The African-American children have higher chances of being deemed as suffering from mental retardation relative to the White children, which has contributed to the increase in the overrepresentation of minorities in special education, as more students from the minority groups are sent to schools offering special education.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the United States, special education seems to be set aside for minorities and English language learners. Most of the public schools offering special education record high numbers of minorities and English language learners (Skiba, et al., 2011). This trend has not changed since the establishment of the special educa tion program. In Arizona, Hispanic students attending schools dominated by the White students have higher chances of being placed under the special education programs relative to their White counterparts. Most of the Hispanic students are enrolled into special education programs while they do not deserve to be in such programs. In a bid to identify students who should enroll in special programs, the Americans use an approach of disability, which identifies the challenges or â€Å"disease† in the students and then tries to address the challenges through a sequence of remedies or â€Å"treatments† (Skiba, et al., 2011). Nonetheless, teachers assess students’ abilities based on other aspects and not on their capabilities. The factors used to assess students when placing them under the special education include culture, language, race, economic status, and sex (Skiba, et al., 2011). The absence of competent personnel and apposite assessment criteria in the assessmen t of minorities and English language learners contribute to the current level of overrepresentation of these students in special education. The biasness in the assessment process forces most of minorities and English language learners to enroll in special education while they have the capacity to enroll in other programs. Demographic changes With time, the United States has encountered drastic changes in demographic patterns due to immigration and changes in birth rate. By 2000, more than 281 million people resided in the United States. Over 40 per cent of this population comprised people from the minority groups. Continued immigration and increase in birth rates have led to increase in the number of people of color and minority groups in the United States (Bollmer, et al., 2007). Majority of the minority groups report higher birth rates relative to the Whites. These changes in the American demography are being reflected in the American schools.Advertising We will write a custo m research paper sample on Overrepresentation of Minorities and English Language Learners in Special Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2005, almost 40 per cent of the students in public schools hailed from families with diverse racial and linguistic backgrounds. About 10 million of the students came from non-English speaking families. The number of people speaking the minority languages is growing at an alarming rate relative to that of the English-speaking people. Hence, with time, the number of students from the minorities and English language learners is expected to go higher in most of the major United States’ cities. Accounting for overrepresentation The available data on â€Å"the level of overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education shows that this problem still exists despite its identification many decades ago† (Skiba, et al., 2011, p.266). The current data is d rawn from nation, state, and district level, thus showing many disparities in the different geographical regions. The factors identified to account for the overrepresentation include poor performance among the minorities and English language learners, inappropriate identification, poverty, and language proficiency. Poor performance One of the factors that contribute to the current overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education is poor performance. According to Townsend (2008), students from the minority groups tend to incorporate their racial challenges into the academic feat. Townsend (2008) notes, â€Å"Students from the minority groups adopt racial identities in opposition to school expectations and codes† (p.227). This habit makes it hard for students to perform well in class thus appearing to suffer from certain disabilities. Most of minorities and English language learners are academically endowed. Nevertheless, their attitude toward s academics pushes them to perform poorly. In return, most of them are sent to schools offering special education in the name of helping them improve the academic capabilities, thus their overrepresentation in these schools.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of those engaged in the assessment process claim that if English language learners are not doing well in general education programs, there is no problem in recommending them to enroll in special education. They claim that it is only in special education programs that such students can have a chance to get individualized services, thus helping them to enhance their learning capabilities (Rueda Windmueller, 2007). Nevertheless, a majority of students enrolling in special education still do not perform admirably. A study conducted on the Spanish-speaking students proved that even after the students from the Spanish background enrolled in special education for three years, it did not help in enhancing their learning abilities (Artiles, et al., 2010). Instead, most of these students ended up performing poorly relative to how they performed in their previous placements. This aspect shows that placing the minorities and English language learners under special programs does not signif icantly help in improving their learning ability. The reasons behind this aspect include poor assessment methods used in identifying the students to place under special programs and lack of competent personnel to carry out the assessment process. Inappropriate identification Another factor that has contributed to overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education is the absence of appropriate methods for identifying students that deserve special treatment. In spite of numerous schools recording an increase in the number of students from the different ethnic backgrounds, most of these students hardly get a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) as stipulated in the provisions of the Individuals with Disability Education Act (Artiles, et al., 2010). English language learners and minorities with disabilities who live in areas locked under poverty and in towns are prone to the risk of performing poorly in education since they receive biased identif ication and placement services. In spite of the American student body becoming increasingly diverse, children from the minority groups as well as English language learners still fall in the category of those suffering from mental retardation and other disabilities. Hence, most of these children enroll in special education leading to an increase in their number. Language proficiency Schools in the United States have the duty of ensuring that every child has a good command of the English language in a bid to perform effectively in classes that offer all the subjects in English. Nonetheless, the law does protect the minority groups as well as it does protect English language learners from discrimination by schools for not having a command of the English language. Schools are required to offer curriculums that would help English language learners to understand the language. Therefore, to ensure that all students fit in the American curriculum, it is imperative to evaluate them based on their English proficiency. Besides, some states recommend schools to assess if the students understand their native languages. Some children from the minorities and English language learners understand neither English nor their native language. Mahoney and MacSwan (2009) realized that at least 13 states in the United States called for their schools to ensure that English language learners knew their native language prior to their admission into the schools. The reason behind this evaluation is the belief that minorities and English language learners have poor language proficiency, which contributes to their poor performance in schools. This thorough scrutiny on language proficiency prior to enrollment leads to overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education. The fact that students from the two categories are poor in either English or their native language makes it hard for them to pass the language proficiency test (Zhang Katsiyannis, 2007). It i s hard for children with poor command of English to enroll in the general classes. The classes conduct their lessons in English. By recommending English language learners and minorities with poor language proficiency to enroll in special education, the schools believe that these students can best work on their language proficiency only in special education programs. The student: teacher ratio in special education programs gives room for individualized services. Hence, teachers are capable of having close interaction with individual students thus helping them to improve their language proficiency. The majority of the minority groups have difficulties with the English language, which leads to their classification as English language learners. Moreover, most of students from the minority groups have challenges with their native language. The minority groups are made of the immigrants. Hence, most of the students were born after their parents migrated to the United States (Rueda Windmu eller, 2007). This scenario leaves them at a position where they are incapable of learning their native language. The American education policies subject individuals with challenges in both the native language and English to placement under the special education, and thus a high number of minorities and English language learners end up in special education thus adding to their overrepresentation. The reason behind placing these groups under the special education is to ensure that they receive adequate attention and support from the teachers. Poverty Poverty significantly contributes to the current rate of overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education. A study on poverty analysis indicates that it leads â€Å"to different representation trends for the various disabilities† (Skiba, et al., 2011, p.266). Increase in poverty level among the minority groups forces their children to suffer from gentle mental retardation, and the opposite happen s to children with severe emotional complications. A study on the wealthy minorities proved that they are capable of tolerating emotional challenges, which is an indication that poverty contributes to the inability to use other preventative measures (Orosco Klingner, 2010). It becomes hard for families from the minority groups to apply pre and post-natal nutrition measures in addressing some of the disabilities facing their children. Eventually, their children end up exhibiting some challenges like low intelligence quotient and thus they are recommended to enroll in special education. Overrepresentation in various American states The number of the minority and English language learner students who enroll for special programs differs across the United States. For instance, in Texas, some districts have higher rates of English language learners enrolling for special education than others. According to the current trend, accessibility of language support programs and high population a mong the English language learners contribute to the current level of overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners students in special education. In a bid to understand the level of representation of English language learners in special education in Texas, Linn et al. (2008) carried out a study among the Latinos in the state. From the study, they realized that there was a high level of overrepresentation of the English language learners from the Latino group in most of the districts. Most of the schools that reported overrepresentation came from Education Service Centre (ESC) regions. In 2009, overrepresentation in special education data at the state level showed that the comparative risk ratio stood at 0.9 (Linn, 2011). A study conducted by Artiles et al. (2007) on South California schools proved that the number of English language learners was high both at the state and district levels. Inadequate aptitude in either English or the indigenous language and grade le vel is one of the factors that contribute to overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in South California schools. Valenzuela et al. (2009) posit, â€Å"English language learners in secondary schools, as well as those with inadequate aptitude in the first and second language, are the most overrepresented in programs for students with mental retardation, learning disabilities, and language and speech impairments† (p.434). Teachers in secondary schools offer limited language support to English language learners compared to teachers in the elementary schools. Artiles et al. (2007) also learnt that English language learners were in higher chances of being categorized in the high incidence disability groups relative to the English speakers. The inclination to categorizing the English language learners under this group contributes to their overrepresentation in special education. Sullivan (2011) carried out a study on public schools in Arizona, where she learn t that the trend of overrepresentation of the minority and English language learners is still high among the students in this state. Using comparative risk ratios, Sullivan (2011) noted that the state level involvement of minorities and English language learners in special education progressively went up from 0.77 to 1.19 between 1999 and 2006. In addition, she found that there was also overrepresentation of these groups at the district level. According to Sullivan (2011), the proportion of districts that recorded overrepresentation of minorities and the English language learners in special education went up from 32 per cent to 42 per cent between 1999 and 2006. Addressing overrepresentation Overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education is challenging since it has negative effects on students even with no signs of disabilities. At times, schools refer students to special education out of mere speculation that they might perform poorly or their c hances of social, economic, and academic advancements are minimal. Rather than referring the minorities and English language learners to special education, the American government ought to establish a school environment that helps the minorities and English language learners to deal with their challenges at an advanced stage, and thus help them realize academic success (Linn Hemmer, 2011). Moreover, schools ought to come up with proper assessment criteria to ensure that they do not discriminate against students from the minority groups. Conclusion Amendments made to the Individual with Disability Education Act led to the problem of overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special Education. In the United States, most of minorities and non-English speakers enroll for special education programs. Numerous factors contribute to the enrollment of these people in special education programs, which include poor performance, language proficiency, inappropriate ident ification strategies, and poverty. Students from minority groups and English language learners exhibit poor academic performance, which convinces policymakers to view them as academically challenged individuals, thus recommending them to enroll for special education programs. Moreover, the American schools demand that all children should pass the language proficiency test. Children from the minority groups are not proficient in English. Today, â€Å"minorities and English language learners are overrepresented in special education at the national, state, and district level† (Sullivan, 2011, p.324). In Texas, schools close to the Education Service Centers report a high level of overrepresentation of the Latino people in special education. In California, inadequate aptitude in English and native language contributes to overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education. In Arizona, more students from the minority groups and non-English speakers c ontinue to enroll in special education thus adding to an already overrepresented population. References Artiles, A. J., Kozleski, E. B., Stanley T. C., Osher, D., Ortiz, A. (2010). Justifying and explaining disproportionality, 1968–2008: A critique of underlying views of culture. Exceptional Children, 76, 279–299. Artiles, A. J., Rueda, R., Salazar, J., Highroad, I. (2007). Within-group diversity in minority disproportionate representation: English language learners in urban school districts. Exceptional Children, 71, 283–300. Bollmer, J., Bethel, J., Garrison-Mogren, R., Brauen, M. (2007). Using the risk ratio to assess racial/ethnic disproportionality in special education at the school-district level. Journal of Special Education, 41, 186–198. Linn, D. (2011). Representation of English language learners in special education programs in Texas. National Teacher Education Journal, 4, 35–40. Linn, D., Hemmer, L. (2011). English language learner d isproportionality in special education: implications for the scholar-practitioner. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 1(1), 70-80. Linn, D., Lira, J. R., Larke, P. J. (2008). Representational patterns of English language learners receiving special education services in south Texas. Journal of Border Educational Research, 7, 15–28. Mahoney, S., MacSwan, J. (2009). Re-examining identification and reclassification of English Language Learners: A radical discussion of select state practices. Bilingual Research Journal, 29, 31–42. Orosco, M, J., Klingner, J. (2010). One school’s implementation of RTI with English language learners: â€Å"Referring into RTI†. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43, 269–288. Rueda, R., Windmueller, M. P. (2007). English language learners, LD, and overrepresentation: A multiple-level analysis. Journal of Learning Disability, 29(2), 99-109. Samson, F., Lesaux, K. (2009). Language-minority learners in special e ducation: Rates and predictors of identification for services. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42, 148–162. Skiba, J., Simmons, B., Ritter, S., Gibb, C., Rausch, K., Cuadrado, J., Chung, C. (2011). Achieving equity in special education: history, status, and current challenges. Exceptional Children, 74(3), 264-288. Sullivan, L. (2011). 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